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The cell membranes have specific receptors for different kinds of molecules. The pathogen triggers immune response by forcing the body to secret specific proteins called antibodies against the pathogen (called antibody).It is this antigen-antibody reaction threat neutralizes the effect of pathogen on the body or pathogen itself. Phagocytes (special type of white blood corpuscles) destroy the pathogen by feeding on them (Phagocytosis).
The genes for the one or more proteins of the pathogen against which immunity is required are added to the plasmid DNA ring with the hope that they would provoke immune reaction from the immune system. The adenoviruses are the naked icosahedral (nearly spherical) viruses having nucleocapsid and a double stranded linear DNA molecule. A nonpathogenic adenovirus is used as carrier for encoding pathogenic protein.
More over DNA is stable at room temperature where as conventional vaccines need to be refrigerated, which is cause for concern during handling, storage and transportation. The immune system does not perceive the DNA of the plasmid as foreign material as all cells of the body have DNA. Technically speaking the vaccines itself as such does not invokes any immune response. It is only the protein encoded by the plasmid that would cause immune cells to respond. This also paves way for repeated use of plasmids to deliver a variety of genes without the fear of body cells developing resistance.
New vaccine delivery methods use transdermal patches, gene guns and biojets using pressurized air to deliver plasmids into the skin cells.
Another method is electroportation, which uses electrical impulses to temporarily open up the cell membrane,
to allow entry of plasmids into the cell. Electroportation increases the plasmid uptake by thousand folds. The plasmids carrying DNA sequences of genes have been improved by codon optimization. The DNA carries genetic information in the form of codons, each codon consists of three nucleotide bases. An amino acid is coded by a specific codon of three nucleotide bases in a specific sequence, but certain amino acids have more than one codon that codes for a specific amino acid. It has been found that cells favor certain codons more over the other codons. Thus the production of a specific protein in the cell can be optimized by choosing optimal codons.

Flowers are minute and born inside a fleshy flask shaped receptacle and belong to group of figs. The young fruits are green and on ripening become red/purple colored. The fruits are eaten by squirrels, birds and bats. The seeds pass through the intestine unharmed and are dispersed by bird droppings. As a result, Pipal trees are common in most unlikely of the place, like atop the walls if old buildings, forts and other historical monuments.
Pipal tree is of great cultural importance in India. In Hindu mythology it is associated with the birth of Brahma. It is considered to be the abode of Brahma ,Vishnu and Mahesh. Buddhist regard it as personification of Lord Buddha, who attained enlightenment under the Pipal tree. It is, therefore, called ‘Bo’ or ‘Bodhi’ tree. Pipal is symbolic of enlightenment and peace. People tie sacred red thread around it and pray for wellbeing of their children, also for grant of progeny and parenthood.
Hurricanes like Katrina and Rita in USA and a devastating earthquake on the Indian subcontinent are indications of natural up heavels. Antarctic snow melted. Subsoil water is getting contaminated. Increased pollution results in acid rain.
Climatic changes have never been so pronounced in last 10,000 years as are evident today. Industrialization, increasing population, decreasing forest cover and rapidly changing life style is responsible for deterioration in the environmental conditions. Amount of industrial pollutants like Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide and Methane is rapidly increasing due to rampart industrialization.

The pits for planting the fruit trees should be dug up well in advance, preferably about a month before undertaking planting. Pits should be round and at least three feet deep. During summer months the pits should be left open to ensure killing of all pathogens. Mix the soil dug up from the pit with equal amounts of matured farmyard manure. The mixture should be mixed with Lindane dust or Cholorpyriphos 20EC if the soil is infested with white ants.
Enjoy the fruits of your labor.
The idea is not so new. If we flip through the pages of history we find that robotics is not a new idea. According to mythology Greek God Hephaestus(The God of Fire)was served by mechanical devices obviously the Robots. In ancient Egypt priest used steam activated mechanism to open the doors of their temple, used steam powered contraptions to light fires at the alter, at the command of the Head Priest. Around 350 BC Greek mathematician- Archytas constructed a mechanical steam powered flying Robot called Bird. Ctesibus contributed by designing water clocks with moving figures to strike out time.
After a long period, in which recorded evidence is scanty, it is during the industrial revolution that the Swiss clock maker invented robotic doll that could play music or draw pictures. Production of textile was also automated using steam power. In 1801 Joseph Jacquard invented automated loom using punched cards. In 1822 Charle Babbage, inspired by the automated loom of Jacquard using punched cards, invented 'Analytical Engine' also designated as first computer. In 1898 Nikola Tsela demonstrated a remote controlled robotic boat.
It is the 20th century that is the true age of computers and Modern day Robotics. In 1927 in a science fiction movie 'Metropolis' a female robot named Maria was introduced for the first time on the silver screen. In 1959 Artificial Intelligence lab was established at MIT. Rapid advances have been made since then. The modern day robots are small, more versatile, highly mobile and quite intelligent. Robots are extensibly used in deep sea and deep space explorations. All space probes are intelligent robotic machines. The field of Robotics holds immense potential for dreamy and bright individuals capable of vivid imagination. Go ahead and plunge yourself in this potentially unexplored field with high returns on your investment (as a disciple).

The entire process of digestion is very complex. During digestion indiffusible food is converted into diffusible food. The digested food is absorbed by the body and is used for repairs and maintenance besides providing energy. Excess of the food is stored by the liver, muscles and by the fatty tissues of the body for future use. Both digestion and absorption of food is completed in the small intestine. Digestion and absorption of food are highly co-ordinated and regulated by nerve stimuli and hormones.
To keep the gut and thus body healthy, it is necessary that we eat right kind of food at right time. We should eat neither too much nor too little. As per Indian customs the largest meal should be lunch, breakfast and dinner should be frugal. In between meals fruits and snacks can be taken in moderate quantities, Beverages like coffee and tea should be limited. Alcoholic beverages should be avoided or consumed in moderate amounts only.